D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 4 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay do B\u1ed9 N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hoa K\u1ef3 (DOE) c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0: T\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, t\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng quang sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc quang \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a… T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng hydro h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (H2O), ho\u1eb7c metan (CH4) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hydro tinh khi\u1ebft (H2) \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng cho xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hydro k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi oxy t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00f4ng qua pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a. Hydro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, sinh kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a hydro ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n hydro s\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i 2 kg CO2e\/kg H2 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 hydro (Hoa K\u1ef3) c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hydro s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho chi ph\u00ed hydro thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay:<\/p>\n
1. R<\/strong>eforming\/kh\u00ed h\u00f3a kh\u00ed t<\/strong>hi\u00ean\u00a0<\/strong>nhi\u00ean<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n (Natural Gas Reforming\/Gasification) – h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hydro, carbon monoxide v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf carbon dioxide \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (700\u00b0C – 1.000\u00b0C). Carbon monoxide ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00eam hydro. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Kh\u00ed t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho than, ho\u1eb7c sinh kh\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 oxy \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong l\u00f2 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i than, ho\u1eb7c sinh kh\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed – m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a (Gasification). Kh\u00ed t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a hydro v\u00e0 carbon monoxide, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch hydro.<\/p>\n Reforming kh\u00ed thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean (Natural gas reforming – NGR) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. Hi\u1ec7n nay, 95% hydro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn.<\/p>\n – Reforming h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc – Methane (Steam – Methane Reforming):<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i, trong \u0111\u00f3, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (700\u00b0C – 1.000\u00b0C) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00ed m\u00eatan (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean). Trong reforming (hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh) h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc – metan, kh\u00ed metan ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 3 – 25 bar (1 bar = 14,5 psi) v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra hydro, carbon monoxide v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon dioxide t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu nhi\u1ec7t – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng di\u1ec5n ra.<\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc – kh\u00ed\u201d, carbon monoxide v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra carbon dioxide v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u hydro h\u01a1n. Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc quy tr\u00ecnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t\u201d, carbon dioxide v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i hydro tinh khi\u1ebft. Reforming h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ethanol, propan, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 x\u0103ng).<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng reforming h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc – metan: CH4 + H2O (+ nhi\u1ec7t) \u2192 CO + 3H2.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc – kh\u00ed: CO + H2O \u2192 CO2 + H2 (+ l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf).<\/p>\n – Oxy h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n (Partial Oxidation):<\/p>\n Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, metan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hydrocacbon kh\u00e1c trong kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 oxy h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c hydrocacbon th\u00e0nh carbon dioxide v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1edbi \u00edt h\u01a1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 hydro, carbon monoxide (v\u00e0 nit\u01a1, n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i oxy nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf carbon dioxide c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc – kh\u00ed, carbon monoxide ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh carbon dioxide v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u hydro h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec7t. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra \u00edt hydro h\u01a1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n metan: CH4 + \u00bdO2 \u2192 CO + 2H2 (+ nhi\u1ec7t).<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc – kh\u00ed: CO + H2O \u2192 CO2 + H2 (+ l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf).<\/p>\n Reforming kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p hydro ng\u00e0y nay cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u (FCEV), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, DoE hy v\u1ecdng, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro t\u1eeb kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, than \u0111\u00e1 (c\u00f3 thu h\u1ed3i, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef carbon) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n Ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hydro v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t ra th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi xe \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng x\u0103ng. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 FCEV l\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3m h\u01a1n 90% so v\u1edbi xe ch\u1ea1y x\u0103ng ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n 2. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ly n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh hydro v\u00e0 oxy. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi), th\u00ec hydro thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh hydro hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o d\u01b0 th\u1eeba (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra hydro th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n (Electrolysis) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 carbon t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh hydro v\u00e0 oxy trong m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n. M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1ecf, c\u1ee1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trung t\u00e2m, quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ion m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n – M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n d\u00f9ng m\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n polymer:<\/p>\n Trong m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n m\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n polymer (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzers, hay PEM), ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn. N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh oxy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ion hydro t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng (proton). C\u00e1c electron ch\u1ea1y qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ion hydro di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc qua PEM \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u00e2m. \u1ede c\u1ef1c \u00e2m, c\u00e1c ion hydro k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c electron t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ch ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed hydro.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng: 2H2O \u2192 O2 + 4H+ + 4e-.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ef1c \u00e2m: 4H+ + 4e- \u2192 2H2.<\/p>\n – M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ki\u1ec1m:<\/p>\n M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ki\u1ec1m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ion hydroxit (OH-) qua ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c \u00e2m sang c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi hydro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c \u00e2m. M\u00e1y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng dung d\u1ecbch ki\u1ec1m l\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a natri, ho\u1eb7c kali hydroxit l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi h\u01a1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ec1m r\u1eafn (AEM) l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n \u0111ang cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u1edf quy m\u00f4 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n – M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n oxit r\u1eafn:<\/p>\n M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n oxit r\u1eafn, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m r\u1eafn l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ion oxy t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e2m (O2-) \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, t\u1ea1o ra hydro theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n H\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf c\u1ef1c \u00e2m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c electron t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ch ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed hydro v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ion oxy t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e2m. C\u00e1c ion oxy \u0111i qua m\u00e0ng g\u1ed1m r\u1eafn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed oxy v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c electron cho m\u1ea1ch ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n oxit r\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee7 cao \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0ng oxit r\u1eafn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng (kho\u1ea3ng 700\u00b0 – 800\u00b0C, so v\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n PEM ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 70\u00b0 – 90\u00b0C v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ki\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 100\u00b0C). M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n oxit r\u1eafn ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u1edf quy m\u00f4 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n g\u1ed1m d\u1eabn proton \u0111ang cho th\u1ea5y tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh xu\u1ed1ng 500\u00b0 – 600\u00b0C. M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao n\u00e0y (t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Hydrogen Energy Earthshot l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m 80% chi ph\u00ed hydro s\u1ea1ch xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 1 USD\/1 kg trong 1 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. Hydrogen Energy Earthshot l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a DoE nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi tr\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Hydro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft – bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i do ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\n \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n do kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh th\u1ea3i ra v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro th\u00f4ng qua \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (gi\u00f3, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t) v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ti\u00eau ch\u00ed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p reforming kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi ph\u00ed n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hydro v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ea1i gi\u00f3, cho ph\u00e9p linh ho\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0 th\u1eeba t\u1eeb c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i gi\u00f3, thay v\u00ec c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0 th\u1eeba n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\n 3. R<\/strong>eforming ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb sinh kh\u1ed1i<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n sinh kh\u1ed1i – bao g\u1ed3m etanol v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro trong m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 reforming kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00e1n trung t\u00e2m, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh reforming ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb sinh kh\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh hydro r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh reforming kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau:<\/p>\n Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00ed t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 hydro, carbon monoxide v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 carbon dioxide. Hydro v\u00e0 carbon dioxide b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng carbon monoxide (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean) v\u1edbi h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong \u201cph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc – kh\u00ed\u201d. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, hydro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng reforming h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc (ethanol): C2H5OH + H2O (+ nhi\u1ec7t) \u2192 2CO + 4H2.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc – kh\u00ed: CO + H2O \u2192 CO2 + H2 (+ l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf).<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh kh\u1ed1i h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng: V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 1 t\u1ef7 t\u1ea5n sinh kh\u1ed1i kh\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 13 – 14 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ef7 Btu\/n\u0103m (v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2030). Sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u00ednh cho n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n 4. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sinh kh\u1ed1i vi sinh v\u1eadt<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n Sinh kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u gi\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean men \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra hydro. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sinh kh\u1ed1i vi sinh v\u1eadt (Microbial biomass conversion) t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a vi sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng hydro. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy m\u00f4 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong khung th\u1eddi gian trung v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean men, c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi khu\u1ea9n, ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra hydro. Ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tinh ch\u1ebf, ngu\u1ed3n sinh kh\u1ed1i th\u00f4 nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y ng\u00f4 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201cl\u00ean men t\u1ed1i\u201d.<\/p>\n Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean men hydro tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, vi khu\u1ea9n t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra hydro. Nh\u1eefng vi khu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi c\u00e1c enzym \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra hydro. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00ean men t\u1ea1o ra hydro nhanh h\u01a1n (c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9) v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u hydro h\u01a1n t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n Pin \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n vi sinh v\u1eadt (MEC) l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 proton do vi khu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o ra, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf b\u1ed5 sung, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra hydro. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n Sinh kh\u1ed1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 sinh kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra hydro v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean men \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hydro t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean MEC c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i trong khi t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf d\u1ea1ng hydro.<\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean men th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7ng vi sinh v\u1eadt, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn.\/.<\/p>\n Ngu\u1ed3n tin: T\u1ea0P CH\u00cd N\u0102NG L\u01af\u1ee2NG VI\u1ec6T NAM<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 4 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hydro ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay do B\u1ed9 N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hoa K\u1ef3 (DOE) c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0: T\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, t\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng quang sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc quang \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a… T\u1ed5ng […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8643,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,1,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8642","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-cong-ty","category-tin-tuc","category-tin-tuc-nganh"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8642"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8642"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8642\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8645,"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8642\/revisions\/8645"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8643"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8642"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8642"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceco.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8642"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}